Bacteriological Quality of Indoor Air in some Worshipping Houses (Churches and Mosques) in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36125/ijoehy.v11i4.376Keywords:
Keywords: Airborne, airborne bacteria, Church, Mosque and 16S rRNA sequencing.Abstract
Air contamination by pathogenic microorganisms which are of clinical importance due to their ability to cause infection is of public health concern. These microorganisms are ubiquitous in every environment. This study was aimed at investigating the bacteriological quality of indoor air in some worshipping homes (churches and mosques) in Benin City. Six churches and six mosques were selected for the study. The indoor air was sampled in the mornings (7am - 10am) and in the afternoons (2pm - 5pm) twice monthly, between April, 2017 and September, 2017 using the Settled Plate Method. The temperature and relative humidity in the indoor air environment were determined using thermometer and hygrometer respectively. The airborne samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods and Polymerase Chain Reaction and 16S rRNA techniques were used for the gene sequencing.The antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profile of the characterized airborne bacterial isolates were evaluated using spread plate and agarose gel electrophoresis methods respectively.
The mean indoor air temperature and relative humidity readings recorded in the Churches ranged between 25.68 ± 0.05 0C to 32.68 ± 0.03 0C and 77.50 ± 0.29 % to 91.25 ± 0.25 % while in the Mosques, it ranged between 26.55 ± 0.03 0C to 33.33 ± 0.03 0C and 78.00 ± 0.41 % to 90.75 ± 0.25 % respectively. Eight airborne bacterial isolates were characterized and identified to include the genus; Escherichia, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. The airborne bacterial isolates were further characterized using the molecular biology methods to include Endozoicomonasmontiporae CL-33 genome, Bacillus subtilis strain IAM 12118, Bacillus anthracis strain ATCC 14578, Staphylococcus epidermidis strain Fussel, Helicobacter pylori SS, Bacillus pumilus strain SBMP2, Bacillus cereus strain JCM 2152 and Staphylococcus warneri strain AW 25. All airborne bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance against the conventionally used antibiotics such as Gentamicin, Erythromycin and Augmentin. Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus anthraciswere reported to be resistant to all antibiotics. Plasmids were detected in Bacillus anthracis and Helicobacter pylori.
The presence of these airborne bacterial isolates of public health consequence in the indoor environments of worshipping homes (Churches and Mosques) is a threat to the health of the worshippers and the environment. It therefore calls for strict regulatory measures to mitigate the public health effect of the organisms.
Air contamination by pathogenic microorganisms which are of clinical importance due to their ability to cause infection is of public health concern. These microorganisms are ubiquitous in every environment. This study was aimed at investigating the bacteriological quality of indoor air in some worshipping homes (churches and mosques) in Benin City. Six churches and six mosques were selected for the study. The indoor air was sampled in the mornings (7am - 10am) and in the afternoons (2pm - 5pm) twice monthly, between April, 2017 and September, 2017 using the Settled Plate Method. The temperature and relative humidity in the indoor air environment were determined using thermometer and hygrometer respectively. The airborne samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods and Polymerase Chain Reaction and 16S rRNA techniques were used for the gene sequencing.The antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profile of the characterized airborne bacterial isolates were evaluated using spread plate and agarose gel electrophoresis methods respectively.
The mean indoor air temperature and relative humidity readings recorded in the Churches ranged between 25.68 ± 0.05 0C to 32.68 ± 0.03 0C and 77.50 ± 0.29 % to 91.25 ± 0.25 % while in the Mosques, it ranged between 26.55 ± 0.03 0C to 33.33 ± 0.03 0C and 78.00 ± 0.41 % to 90.75 ± 0.25 % respectively. Eight airborne bacterial isolates were characterized and identified to include the genus; Escherichia, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. The airborne bacterial isolates were further characterized using the molecular biology methods to include Endozoicomonasmontiporae CL-33 genome, Bacillus subtilis strain IAM 12118, Bacillus anthracis strain ATCC 14578, Staphylococcus epidermidis strain Fussel, Helicobacter pylori SS, Bacillus pumilus strain SBMP2, Bacillus cereus strain JCM 2152 and Staphylococcus warneri strain AW 25. All airborne bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance against the conventionally used antibiotics such as Gentamicin, Erythromycin and Augmentin. Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus anthraciswere reported to be resistant to all antibiotics. Plasmids were detected in Bacillus anthracis and Helicobacter pylori.
The presence of these airborne bacterial isolates of public health consequence in the indoor environments of worshipping homes (Churches and Mosques) is a threat to the health of the worshippers and the environment. It therefore calls for strict regulatory measures to mitigate the public health effect of the organisms.
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